International conventions and treaties gain the force of law in the U.S. only after what occurs?

International conventions and treaties gain the force of law in the United States through the process of Congress passing enabling legislation. When a treaty is negotiated and signed by the President, it does not automatically become law. For it to be fully effective, the treaty must be implemented into domestic law, which often requires additional legislation passed by Congress.

This process allows Congress to adjust the treaty provisions to align with U.S. laws and to ensure it is enforceable within the domestic legal system. Enabling legislation may include amendments to existing laws or the creation of new laws that give effect to the treaty terms. This is essential for establishing the legal framework needed to enforce the international agreement.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately describe the legal procedures required for treaties to take effect in the U.S. The Supreme Court does not rule on treaties before they become law; state legislatures do not have a role in this federal process; and a presidential signature alone is insufficient without Congressional approval to grant full legal force to a treaty.