What chemical agent fills the victim's lungs with water, leading to suffocation?

Phosgene gas is a highly toxic chemical agent that acts primarily as a pulmonary or lung irritant. When inhaled, it causes severe damage to the lungs, rapidly leading to a buildup of fluid in the alveoli (the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs). This inundation of fluid effectively fills the lungs with water, a condition that can result in pulmonary edema, asphyxiation, and often death if exposure is significant.

The mechanism of phosgene's action starts with its ability to interfere with the normal functioning of lung tissue. Symptoms may not appear immediately, sometimes taking hours to manifest, which adds to its lethality during exposure situations. This delayed response complicates immediate medical treatment, as individuals may initially feel fine before experiencing a sudden and severe decline in respiratory function.

In the context of chemical warfare agents, phosgene has historical significance, especially in World War I, where its effects contributed to numerous fatalities among soldiers. Understanding the impact of phosgene gas highlights the importance of detection and rapid response strategies in homeland security and emergency preparedness.