What distinguishes cyberwar from hacktivism?

The correct distinction lies in the nature of the actors involved in hacktivism versus cyberwar. Hacktivism typically involves non-state actors, such as individuals or groups advocating for social or political changes, often using cyber methods to promote their causes. These actors operate outside of official governmental or military frameworks, focusing on activism through hacking.

In contrast, cyberwar usually involves state actors, like government agencies or military units, engaging in coordinated cyber operations aimed at achieving military or strategic objectives against other states or entities. This type of conflict is often characterized by its formal nature and the use of cyber capabilities as part of a broader state strategy.

So, while hacktivism is rooted in advocacy and activism and is mostly conducted by individuals or collectives without formal state backing, cyberwar represents a more structured and state-driven approach to cyber conflicts. Understanding this distinction clarifies how different motivations and objectives underpin these two concepts within the realm of cybersecurity and international relations.