What type of actor usually engages in hacktivism?

Hacktivism is a term that refers to the use of hacking techniques to promote a social or political agenda, often by non-state actors who oppose perceived injustices or advocate for transparency and accountability. These individuals or groups typically operate independently and are not affiliated with governmental structures, which distinguishes them from state actors or private corporations.

Non-state actors, such as activist groups, hacktivist collectives (like Anonymous), and individuals motivated by political or social issues, engage in these activities to raise awareness, disrupt services, or expose information that aligns with their beliefs. Their actions are often intended to effect change or challenge the status quo without the backing of formal governmental authority. This grassroots approach is a hallmark of hacktivism, making non-state actors the primary participants in this type of cyber activity.